BP 2013 Annual Report Download - page 133

1. Significant accounting policies, judgements, estimates and assumptions – continued
Intangible assets
Intangible assets, other than goodwill, include expenditure on the exploration for and evaluation of oil and natural gas resources, computer software,
patents, licences and trademarks and are stated at the amount initially recognized, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
For information on accounting for expenditures on the exploration for and evaluation of oil and natural gas resources, see the accounting policy for oil
and natural gas exploration, appraisal and development expenditure below.
Intangible assets acquired separately from a business are carried initially at cost. The initial cost is the aggregate amount paid and the fair value ofany
other consideration given to acquire the asset. An intangible asset acquired as part of a business combination is measured at fair value at the date of
acquisition and is recognized separately from goodwill if the asset is separable or arises from contractual or other legal rights.
Intangible assets with a finite life are amortized on a straight-line basis over their expected useful lives. For patents, licences and trademarks, expected
useful life is the shorter of the duration of the legal agreement and economic useful life, and can range from three to 15 years. Computer software
costs generally have a useful life of three to five years.
The expected useful lives of assets are reviewed on an annual basis and, if necessary, changes in useful lives are accounted for prospectively.
The carrying value of intangible assets is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not
be recoverable.
Oil and natural gas exploration, appraisal and development expenditure
Oil and natural gas exploration, appraisal and development expenditure is accounted for using the principles of the successful efforts method of
accounting.
Licence and property acquisition costs
Exploration licence and leasehold property acquisition costs are capitalized within intangible assets and are reviewed at each reporting date to confirm
that there is no indication that the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. This review includes confirming that exploration drilling is still
under way or firmly planned or that it has been determined, or work is under way to determine, that the discovery is economically viable based on a
range of technical and commercial considerations and sufficient progress is being made on establishing development plans and timing. If no future
activity is planned, the remaining balance of the licence and property acquisition costs is written off. Lower value licences are pooled and amortizedon
a straight-line basis over the estimated period of exploration. Upon recognition of proved reserves and internal approval for development, the relevant
expenditure is transferred to property, plant and equipment.
Exploration and appraisal expenditure
Geological and geophysical exploration costs are charged against income as incurred. Costs directly associated with an exploration well are initially
capitalized as an intangible asset until the drilling of the well is complete and the results have been evaluated. These costs include employee
remuneration, materials and fuel used, rig costs and payments made to contractors. If potentially commercial quantities of hydrocarbons are not found,
the exploration well is written off as a dry hole. If hydrocarbons are found and, subject to further appraisal activity, are likely to be capable of
commercial development, the costs continue to be carried as an asset.
Costs directly associated with appraisal activity, undertaken to determine the size, characteristics and commercial potential of a reservoir following the
initial discovery of hydrocarbons, including the costs of appraisal wells where hydrocarbons were not found, are initially capitalized as an intangible
asset. When proved reserves of oil and natural gas are determined and development is approved by management, the relevant expenditure is
transferred to property, plant and equipment.
Development expenditure
Expenditure on the construction, installation and completion of infrastructure facilities such as platforms, pipelines and the drilling of development
wells, including service and unsuccessful development or delineation wells, is capitalized within property, plant and equipment and is depreciated from
the commencement of production as described below in the accounting policy for property, plant and equipment.
Significant estimate or judgement
The determination of whether potentially economic oil and natural gas reserves have been discovered by an exploration well is usually made within
one year after well completion, but can take longer, depending on the complexity of the geological structure. Exploration wells that discover
potentially economic quantities of oil and natural gas and are in areas where major capital expenditure (e.g. offshore platform or a pipeline) would be
required before production could begin, and where the economic viability of that major capital expenditure depends on the successful completion of
further exploration work in the area, remain capitalized on the balance sheet as long as additional exploration appraisal work is under way or firmly
planned.
It is not unusual to have exploration wells and exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells remaining suspended on the balance sheet for several years
while additional appraisal drilling and seismic work on the potential oil and natural gas field is performed or while the optimum development plans
and timing are established. All such carried costs are subject to regular technical, commercial and management review on at least an annual basis to
confirm the continued intent to develop, or otherwise extract value from, the discovery. Where this is no longer the case, the costs are immediately
expensed.
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of an asset
comprises its purchase price or construction cost, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset into the location and condition necessary for it to
be capable of operating in the manner intended by management, the initial estimate of any decommissioning obligation, if any, and, for assets that
necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use, borrowing costs. The purchase price or construction cost is the
aggregate amount paid and the fair value of any other consideration given to acquire the asset. The capitalized value of a finance lease is also included
within property, plant and equipment. Exchanges of assets are measured at fair value unless the exchange transaction lacks commercial substance or
the fair value of neither the asset received nor the asset given up is reliably measurable. The cost of the acquired asset is measured at the fair value of
the asset given up, unless the fair value of the asset received is more clearly evident. Where fair value is not used, the cost of the acquired asset is
measured at the carrying amount of the asset given up. The gain or loss on derecognition of the asset given up is recognized in profit or loss.
Expenditure on major maintenance refits or repairs comprises the cost of replacement assets or parts of assets, inspection costs and overhaul costs.
Where an asset or part of an asset that was separately depreciated is replaced and it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the
item will flow to the group, the expenditure is capitalized and the carrying amount of the replaced asset is derecognized. Inspection costs associated
with major maintenance programmes are capitalized and amortized over the period to the next inspection. Overhaul costs for major maintenance
programmes, and all other maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
Financial statements
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