Bank of America 2012 Annual Report Download - page 163

Bank of America 2012 161
account profits (losses). Debt securities purchased for longer term
investment purposes, as part of asset and liability management
(ALM) and other strategic activities are generally reported at fair
value as available-for-sale (AFS) securities with net unrealized
gains and losses included in accumulated OCI. Certain debt
securities purchased for ALM and other strategic purposes are
reported in other assets at fair value with unrealized gains and
losses reported in other income (loss). Debt securities which
management has the intent and ability to hold to maturity (HTM)
are reported at amortized cost. Other debt securities purchased
for use in other risk management activities, such as hedging
certain market risks related to MSRs, are reported in other assets
at fair value with unrealized gains and losses reported in the same
line item as the item being hedged.
The Corporation regularly evaluates each AFS and HTM debt
security where the value has declined below amortized cost to
assess whether the decline in fair value is other than temporary.
In determining whether an impairment is other than temporary, the
Corporation considers the severity and duration of the decline in
fair value, the length of time expected for recovery, the financial
condition of the issuer, and other qualitative factors, as well as
whether the Corporation either plans to sell the security or it is
more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell the security before
recovery of its amortized cost. If the impairment of the AFS or HTM
debt security is credit-related, an other-than-temporary impairment
(OTTI) is recorded in earnings. For AFS debt securities, the non-
credit-related impairment is recognized in accumulated OCI. If the
Corporation intends to sell an AFS debt security or believes it will
more-likely-than-not be required to sell a security, the Corporation
records the full amount of the impairment as an OTTI.
Interest on debt securities, including amortization of premiums
and accretion of discounts, is included in interest income. Realized
gains and losses from the sales of debt securities are determined
using the specific identification method.
Marketable equity securities are classified based on
management’s intention on the date of purchase and recorded on
the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of the trade date. Marketable
equity securities that are bought and held principally for the
purpose of resale in the near term are classified as trading and
are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included
in trading account profits. Other marketable equity securities are
accounted for as AFS and classified in other assets. All AFS
marketable equity securities are carried at fair value with net
unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated OCI on an
after-tax basis. If there is an other-than-temporary decline in the
fair value of any individual AFS marketable equity security, the cost
basis is reduced and the Corporation reclassifies the associated
net unrealized loss out of accumulated OCI with a corresponding
charge to equity investment income. Dividend income on AFS
marketable equity securities is included in equity investment
income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of all AFS
marketable equity securities, which are recorded in equity
investment income, are determined using the specific
identification method.
Certain equity investments held by Global Principal Investments
(GPI), the Corporation’s diversified equity investor in private equity,
real estate and other alternative investments, are subject to
investment company accounting under applicable accounting
guidance, and accordingly, are carried at fair value with changes
in fair value reported in equity investment income. These
investments are included in other assets. Initially, the transaction
price of the investment is generally considered to be the best
indicator of fair value. Thereafter, valuation of direct investments
is based on an assessment of each individual investment using
methodologies that include publicly-traded comparables derived
by multiplying a key performance metric (e.g., earnings before
interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) of the portfolio
company by the relevant valuation multiple observed for
comparable companies, acquisition comparables, entry level
multiples and discounted cash flow analyses, and are subject to
appropriate discounts for lack of liquidity or marketability. Certain
factors that may influence changes in fair value include but are
not limited to recapitalizations, subsequent rounds of financing
and offerings in the equity or debt capital markets. For fund
investments, the Corporation generally records the fair value of its
proportionate interest in the fund’s capital as reported by the
respective fund managers. Other investments held by GPI are
accounted for under either the equity method or at cost, depending
on the Corporation’s ownership interest, and are reported in other
assets.
Loans and Leases
Loans measured at historical cost are reported at their outstanding
principal balances net of any unearned income, charge-offs,
unamortized deferred fees and costs on originated loans, and for
purchased loans, net of any unamortized premiums or discounts.
Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are
deferred and recognized as adjustments to interest income over
the lives of the related loans. Unearned income, discounts and
premiums are amortized to interest income using a level yield
methodology. The Corporation elects to account for certain
consumer and commercial loans under the fair value option with
changes in fair value reported in other income (loss).
Under applicable accounting guidance, for reporting purposes,
the loan and lease portfolio is categorized by portfolio segment
and, within each portfolio segment, by class of financing
receivables. A portfolio segment is defined as the level at which
an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to
determine the allowance for credit losses, and a class of financing
receivables is defined as the level of disaggregation of portfolio
segments based on the initial measurement attribute, risk
characteristics and methods for assessing risk. The Corporation’s
three portfolio segments are Home Loans, Credit Card and Other
Consumer, and Commercial. The classes within the Home Loans
portfolio segment are core portfolio residential mortgage, Legacy
Assets & Servicing residential mortgage, Countrywide Financial
Corporation (Countrywide) residential mortgage purchased credit-
impaired (PCI), core portfolio home equity, Legacy Assets &
Servicing home equity, Countrywide home equity PCI, Legacy
Assets & Servicing discontinued real estate and Countrywide
discontinued real estate PCI. The classes within the Credit Card
and Other Consumer portfolio segment are U.S. credit card, non-
U.S. credit card, direct/indirect consumer and other consumer.
The classes within the Commercial portfolio segment are U.S.
commercial, commercial real estate, commercial lease financing,
non-U.S. commercial and U.S. small business commercial.
Purchased Credit-impaired Loans
The Corporation purchases loans with and without evidence of
credit quality deterioration since origination. Evidence of credit
quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include statistics
such as past due status, refreshed borrower credit scores and
refreshed loan-to-value (LTV) ratios, some of which are not